The Philippines Needs Tobacco Control Programs - 2231 Words

Introduction In the 20th century, the tobacco epidemic worldwide killed 100 million people. In the 21st century, the tobacco epidemic could kill 1 billion. In one in ten adults worldwide, about 5 million deaths per year, the cause of death is smoking, and if the present smoking pattern persists, the proportion will be one in six by the year 2030, about 10 million deaths per year (World bank, 1999). Among the people alive today, it shows that about 500 million will eventually be killed by tobacco (Peto et al, 1994). Smoking is an extraordinarily significant cause of untimely death and disability since the 1950’s, and more than 70,000 articles are able to support it. For several decades where cigarette smoking has been common in†¦show more content†¦Department of Health and Human Services, 2004). Passive smoking Passive, involuntary, or secondhand smoking is the inhalation of other people’s. â€Å"It is either from â€Å"side-stream† smoke from the burning tip of the cigarette or from the â€Å"mainstream† smoke exhaled by the smoker† (Gardezi, 2005). In the side stream smoke, in higher concentrations, there are a lot of potentially toxic gases that are present than the mainstream smoke and nearly 85% of the smoke in a room results from the side stream smoke (Schick Glantz, 2005). To a large extent, people are underestimating the health risks of passive or second hand smoking. A number of the direct effects include cough, sore throat, nausea, headache, dizziness and eye irritation. In children, new cases of asthma may possibly be induced, while adults with asthma can have an incidence of decline in lung function. (Gardezi, 2005). National Tobacco Control Initiative The Philippines signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2003 and became a Full Party after the Senate authorized the treaty in 2005. The Senate also passed the Republic Act 9211 or Tobacco Regulatory Act of 2003. Passage of Republic Act 9334 or â€Å"Sin tax Law†, provides for an increase in taxes every two years beginning 2005 until 2010. Moreover, it also provides that 2.5% of the incremental income shall be endorsed to the account of the DOH for its diseaseShow MoreRelatedResearch2739 Words   |  11 PagesTHE PROBLEM Introduction Tobacco  was introduced in the Philippines in the late 16th century  during the era of  Spanish colonization  when the  Augustinians  brought cigar  tobacco seeds to the colony for cultivation.  In 1686,  William Dampier  visited  Mindanao  and observed that  smoking  was a widespread custom. It had also become an article of  foreign trade  with the  Dutch  from  Tidore  and  Ternate  buying  rice,  beeswax  and tobacco from the Spanish colony The study aimed to know xxx StatementRead MoreSin Tax in the Philippines4297 Words   |  18 PagesSIN TAX (HOUSE BILL 5727) SHOULD BE LAGALIZED IN THE REPUBLIC OF PHILIPPINES (+) In partial fulfillment of the requirements Of the subject PHIN11A Submitted by: Ceejay Martinez Abby Padua Merene, Myka Kim Villareal, Peter James On October 3, 2012 To: Ms. Violeta Tabin PREMISES 1. Smoking cigars and drinking liquors are bad to health. 2. Number of accidents will be lessen. 3. Lessen the number of users. 4. It may cause air pollution. 5. It may stop the production of cigars and liquorsRead MoreUpdate the Recurring Sin Tax Law that Was Newly Implemented by Benigno Aquino3046 Words   |  12 Pageslaw that was newly implemented by the President of the Philippines, Benigno Aquino by assessing its effect to the consumers of sin products and has given fruitful grounds and suggestions for future research in this field. In belief, the purpose of the imposition of excise tax on sin products is to raise revenues and discouraging the consumption of the tobacco products and alcoholic beverages. It is claimed that higher excise taxes on tobacco will make some smokers to quit, and reduce consumptionRead MoreEconomy of the Philippines2796 Words   |  12 Pages ECONOMY Since the end of World War II, the Philippine economy has been on an unfortunate trajectory, going from one of the richest countries in Asia (following Japan) to one of the poorest. Growth immediately after the war was rapid, but slowed over time. Years of economic mismanagement and political volatility during the Marcos regime contributed to economic stagnation and resulted in macroeconomic instability. A severe recession from 1984 through 1985 saw the economy shrink by more than 10%, andRead MoreThe Implications And Impact Of Tobacco Taxation Essay2024 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract This study will focus on examine the implications and impact of tobacco taxation increases on achieving the Smokefree 2025 goal in New Zealand. Firstly, I would review literatures about use of tobacco taxation around the world, the research methods and implications on smoking control. Secondly, I would carry out a survey about attitude and reaction of smokers and their families (potential smokers) for increasing tobacco taxation in New Zealand. Thirdly, in order to assess whether taxation willRead MoreCsr: Food and Beverage Industry12058 Words   |  49 Pagesperformance: The Case of 1000 Top Earning Companies in the Philippines. 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This included the Hacienda Antonio (named after his eldest son), Hacienda San Fernando and Hacienda Isabel (named after his eldest daughter) in Cagayan and Isabela provinces where the legendaryRead MoreBrief Background of American Involvement in the Philippines3677 Words   |  15 PagesModule 4 BRIEF BACKGROUND OF AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES The United States’ policy was to govern the Philippine Archipelago for the common welfare of the Filipino people and to train the Filipinos for self-governance. The United States was hoping that the Filipino people would be capable of independence someday. President Mckinley assure that the Philippines are theirs, and so it should not be exploited, rather to develop, to civilize, to educative and to train the Filipinos in theRead MoreThe Effects of Culture and Ethnicity on Tobacco Prevention and Cessation5317 Words   |  21 Pagesï » ¿ Introduction Tobacco usage remains the main preventable reason for loss of life and illness within the US, with almost 443,000 fatalities taking place yearly due to smoking cigarettes and contact with second-hand cigarette smoke (CDC, 2008). Furthermore, almost ninety percent of adult people who smoke start using cigarettes from age eighteen years (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). To evaluate present cigarette usage amongst youths, CDC examined information via the 2011 NationalRead MoreCase Study No2459 Words   |  10 PagesHagedorn’s approach to control employee health care cost is through providing a wellness facility program for their employees and also creating rules concerning on health and monetary punishments to those who don’t want to follow these rules. From the 20% of the company’s net profits for the health care and health risk assessments, the goal is to limit health care insurance costs. First, Mr. Hagedorn made a companywide wellness program which is called the LiveTotal Health program and hired a third party

Analysis Of The Book The Letters From An American Farmers

Conflicts in America Literature has a tendency to draw from ones’ surroundings to tell a story or make a statement. Authors use their observation skills to make pieces of work great. The idea that literature reflects society is an idea that can trace back many years. In Crevecoeur’s Letters from an American Farmers, James the farmers is on an exhibition through the American colonies. Crevecoeur is able to share what he sees and experiences in his own life through the character of James. His letters define the culture and attitudes of what being an American is. Each letter represents and tells the story of something different. There is a strong sense of pride in one letter; however, there is shame present in the other. In the beginning letters, it describes what being an American is and the pride associated with this. Letters towards the end share a saddened view. Crevecoeur helped to bring light to the conflicting greatness and the history and development of America. Wh at does it mean to be an American? This a true question that has been asked and evaluated for some time. In letter number three, there is a positive outlook on what it means to be an American. He opens the letter with saying â€Å"he must necessarily feel a share of national pride, when he views the chain of settlements† (Crevecoeur 309). From how Crevecoeur describes it, life could be considered charming and happy. He feels America is â€Å"the most perfect society now existing in the world† (Crevecoeur 310).Show MoreRelatedThey Say: Ida B. Wells and the Reconstruction of Race, by James W. Davidson. Ida B. Wells as a parallel to African Americans trying to gain empowerment in post-emancipation America1409 Words   |  6 PagesLana Cox History 121 Professor Adejumobi November 7, 2008 Critical Book Review THEY SAY: IDA B. WELLS AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF RACE By James West Davidson Ida B. 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Judith Giesberg’s Army at Home demonstrates that the Civil War allowed American women to traverse the social boundaries that reserved wars for males and home for females. Instead, marginalized working-class, rural, minority,Read More`` For Cause And Comrades `` By Kathryn Shively Meir Of Nature s Civil War1840 Words   |  8 Pagesfirsthand accounts of people’s lives, such as letters and diaries, gives the reader the ability to experience the writer’s thoughts, feelings, hopes, and dreams. This t actic was used by two authors to use these firsthand accounts for differing outcomes. Author James McPherson provides a comprehensive analysis of the Civil War using over 25,000 letters and 250 private diaries in his book, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War. McPherson in his book answers to age-old questions; who was theRead MoreTruman Capotes In Cold Blood1591 Words   |  7 Pagesreveals truths and provides insight into the condition of that society. 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Family Systems Intervention Free Essays

string(529) " and enhancing support systems †¢Moving and enhancing support systems †¢Moving clients to a new environment Increasing the responsiveness of organizations to people’s needs †¢Enhancing interactions between organizations and institutions †¢Improving institutional environments †¢Developing new resources The way a problem is defined often depends on †¢How the family initially defines the problem †¢The theoretical perspective the family social worker uses †¢The mandate of the agency and how the agency views problems\." Family Systems Interventions Intervention skills: Facilitating family change Change skills 1. Break maladaptive interaction patterns 2. Clarity problematic consequences 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Family Systems Intervention or any similar topic only for you Order Now Alter affective blocks 4. Initiate cognitive restructuring 5. Implement new adaptive patterns 6. Mobilize external resources as required Break Maladaptive Patterns †¢ Intervene to control maladaptive patterns by restructuring family interaction verbally or physically †¢When appropriate, facilitate the adaptive expression of anger of one family member in order to block the recurrent problematic behavior of another Clarify problematic consequences †¢Confront family members on the problematic consequences of their own behaviors †¢Provide verbal or nonverbal support before and after direct confrontation whenever possible Alter Affective Blocks †¢Convey the importance of expressing and clarifying affective experience in order to better comprehend the maintenance of overt behavior patterns. †¢Remove inappropriate affective blocks by encouraging open discussion of the emotional turmoil of family members; validate their experience, clarify the content, and provide support Initiate Cognitive Restructuring Call into question collective beliefs, values, or goals that appear to be problematic and initiate open discussion and reevaluation of relevant issues. †¢To prevent new affect from blocking further progress, encourage the expression and discharge of emotion (especially through laughing or crying) while modifying a previous cognitive set. †¢Provide appropriate new informa tion or a reformulation as required to develop more adaptive comprehension †¢Encourage family members to consider new ideas further and to continue to discuss specific issues at home in order to reach a reality-based consensus. Implement New Adaptive Patterns †¢Using behavioral principles, apply social reinforcements to strengthen appropriate behaviors at any ti me during the sessions and encourage family members to do the same. †¢Elicit family member’s willingness to be receptive to suggestions and invite specific behavioral suggestion from other family members (or offer some). †¢Coach the family in implementing changes that are compatible with appropriate development tasks for the whole family as well as individual family members. Introduce adaptive changes in behavior during the interview by redirecting interaction patterns and altering spatial and seating arrangements to rearrange subsystems. Mobilize External Resources as Required †¢Openly admit to lack of progress as explore possible inhibiting factors both inside and outside the family. Effective Assessment and Intervention First, workers must develop an attitude that values the potential of families to change. Assessment and mobilization of family strengths should focus on the positives related to many areas, including †¢Family relationships: caring for members, gender roles that are respected and valued, parental-child relationships based on the best of the child, physical and emotional self-care, the presence of positive family events and successes, supportive couple relationships, family history of previous successes in conflict management, a strong family identity †¢Individual family member skills: cognitive and intellectual abilities, a positive attitude, competent parenting, positive role-modeling, ability to build and access supportive social environments †¢Personal qualities: motivation, goal directedness, self-esteem and competence, an ability to laugh at oneself, inner strengths and resources, strong relational, abilities, nondefensiveness, willingness to work on issues despite challenges †¢Availability of community resources: friends and caring other outside the family, supportive relatives, health care, education, recreation, spiritual community, social services, the skills to navigate in these community resources †¢Seeing and learning: the ability to recognize difficult life experiences and to learn from these experiences Key Strategies in working with strengths †¢ The strength’s perspective capitalizes on the power and will of the family to self-correct with the help of appropriate environmental supports. †¢Words have the power to build up or tear done discourage or encourage. Pathology-based words darken the vista by imposing problems while strength-based words impose solutions and hope. Use a dictionary of helping, a dictionary that includes the use of such words as empowerment, skills, hope, support, ability, and knowledge Assessment and intervention will be more effective if the family social worker keeps the following considerations in mind: †¢Be keenly attuned to culture and adhere to culturally sensi tive practices †¢Focus on family needs †¢Respect client autonomy †¢Avoid fostering unnecessary dependency †¢Reassess and re-interpret client resistance as avoidance of pain †¢Keep healthy professional boundaries while remaining emotionally available Culturally Sensitive Practice †¢ We advocate for cultural competence for all workers-competence that avoids the application of stereotypical checklists to families from minority cultures. Suggesting that a single program model or intervention can meet the needs of all cultural families risks stereotyping an reducing each culture to a single entity. †¢Not all members of a cultural group are connected in the same way to their cultural heritage placater †¢Some groups will have blended traditional and nontraditional practices in their daily living. †¢Acculturation can be seen as a mosaic, blending traditional native ways with dominant cultural ways. Five program structures that can be incorporated into family social worker in order to work appropriately with families from different cultures. 1. Workers must have a sincere interest in learning and accepting different cultures. 2. Workers can learn to challenge their ethnocentric beliefs as a n integral part of family social work. 3. Family social workers can be open to collaboration with traditional cultural healers and leaders and support family choices about traditional sources of help that parallel, supplement, or replace interventions that are more common. 4. Family social workers should be familiar with and be prepared ti use existing client support systems, following the appropriate cultural protocols. 5. The intervention skills used by family social workers can adapted to specific cultures 6. Family social workers can seek specific cultural knowledge, which includes awareness of communication patterns, worldviews, belief systems, and values 7. Knowing how to gain entrance into a cultural community is important if a worker were to access culturally appropriate resources for a family. Reassess Clients’ Resistance Resistance may be a message from the client that the family social worker is overstepping the boundaries of the relationship. Resistance can also signal that the issues being discussed are sensitive to the client. Set Realistic Expectations A sixth guideline for family social workers is to foster families’ feelings of competence, rather than inadequacy. Hepworth and Larsen (1993) list the following ecological interventions that family social workers can perform for families: †¢Supplementing resources in the home environment †¢Developing and enhancing support systems †¢Moving and enhancing support systems †¢Moving clients to a new environment Increasing the responsiveness of organizations to people’s needs †¢Enhancing interactions between organizations and institutions †¢Improving institutional environments †¢Developing new resources The way a problem is defined often depends on †¢How the family initially defines the problem †¢The theoretical perspective the family social worker uses †¢The mandate of the agency and how the agency views problems. You read "Family Systems Intervention" in category "Essay examples" For example, some agencies embrace solution-focused counseling and define problems to fit theory †¢How the problem is defined jointly between the family and worker in a way that both feel offers the most opportunities to create positive change. Unique ways of viewing a problem 1. A traditional analytic view is that symptomatic person in the problem. 2. The social systems assumption is that the family is the problem – problems evolving from relationship patterns within the family 3. The attempted solution is the problem. This is an interesting view that could be simplified by saying, â€Å"if what you are doing does not work, stop doing it and try something different! † Circular Patters †¢ The term patterns mean that the same behavior happens repeatedly and becomes predictable. †¢When a family is mired in problems, it may be because their repetitive patterns have produced gridlock without providing an adequate response to the issue at hand. In this way, the solution becomes the problem. Because the patterns are habits, family members feel secure in the stability they provide. The habitual patterns might be hurtful to individuals and harmful to the family system, but because family members are unaware of or unskilled in other ways of responding, they are unable to change, and the family is described as being stuck. †¢A pattern is a circular sequence of communication that occurs three times. †¢Alternatively, the worker may set the stage to encourage family members to play out their usual family patterns. ? 1. Clarify with the family these patterns, pointing out the relationship between affect, or feelings, and behavior. For example, father scolds child, child feels hurt, child pouts, father feels frustrated, father scolds, and around and around the pattern goes. It is helpful for a family to see how they go around in theses maladaptive circles. 2. When this is done, help clarify any family rules or myths that perpetuate these patterns, for example, a myth that the only way a child will listen to a parent is when the parent yells at the child. 3. When clarifying a circular pattern with a family, it is necessary to explore underlying feelings and any additional behaviors. 4. Point out evidence of emotional distress and get members to label specific feelings. When feelings are out in the open. Particularly fears and hurts, they can be directly faced 5. Encourage the family to provide each member with reassurance and support 6. Help the family develop understanding of each other by bringing their circular patterns out in the open and including underlying feelings. 7. After the dysfunctional patterns have been identified, the worker should then get the family to think of helpful adaptive patterns to deal with problem situations. 8. Help the family negotiate simultaneous change 9. Reinforce family member’s constructive suggestions 10. Coach family members in trying out new adaptive behaviors and assign realistic tasks explicitly as homework. Lineal Circular, strategic and reflexive question †¢Lineal questions ask for basic information and assume a cause-and –effect sequence. †¢Circular questions, on the other hand, are based on circular causality and the connections among family members. Circular questions help the family social worker to learn about ongoing patterns of family interaction and the effects that family members’ behaviors have on one another. †¢Circular questions are intended to create change, whereas lineal questions are intended to draw out information. †¢Strategic questions are directed at change, on the basis of the family social worker’s assessment of the situation. The underlying intent of strategic questions is to correct behavior. †¢Reflexive questions ask clients to become self-observers. Detriangulation Detriangulation involves developing strategies through which the family worker disrupts one triangle and opens up the family members to new, more functional alliances or triangles. Four possible methods of detriangulation are available for the family social worker. 1. One way of detriangulatiojn is to point the triangle out to the three people. 2. Another method of detriangulation is ensuring that family members interact as dyads. 3. Another method is through reversal, or getting one person in the triangle to do the opposite of the pattern. 4. Detriangulation also can occur by shifting alliances that is who does what with whom. If the mother is always the one trying to get a child to comply with a command, change can be accomplished by having the father gain the child’s compliance. Working with Involuntary clients Clients usually look for on of two outcomes from family social work. Some just want to eliminate the pain created by the problem, and in the process want to be nurtured. These clients may be satisfied once the initial stress has been alleviated, and they may avoid making difficult or lasting changes. Other clients want to change their lives in concrete ways. They are willing to work hard to achieve needed changes in their lives. These are the most rewarding clients for family social workers. Many involuntary clients are precontemplators. In other words, they do not believe they have a problem. Others may acknowledge they have a problem but are not prepared to work on it. Families need to know that participating in family social work is their choice. The family social worker should emphasize that freedom from unwanted agency intervention will occur when the conditions of the court order or contracted work are met. Work with involuntary clients begins by finding out what it is like for them to be ordered into family work. This question is one way of showing empathy and starting where the client is. When clients are court ordered, they should be informed that some conditions of the work are not negotiable and they need to understand the specific conditions for termination. When clients do not want work, the family social worker can print out that the family has a right not to participate but that nonparticipation involves some consequences. Motivation is the flip side of resistance. Direct confrontation about responsibility for problems during the assessment phase is likely to produce defensiveness rather that lead to change. Instead, using empathy and rolling with resistance might be most productive. The single most important skill for working with family resistance is being able to identify when it may be counterproductive to push an issue with the family. How to cite Family Systems Intervention, Essay examples

Recruiting & Retaining Adult Learners

Question: Describe about the Recruiting Retaining Adult Learners? Answer: Introduction: This interview is of a software developer Mr. Krish Rarhi who is in leading position at IBM; he is the team leader of Development team, and under him 32, other developer works in web development and Application development. As a team leader, Mr. Krish rarhi has so many responsibilities for the company. He has a good personality and good behaviour, he also a family and a little daughter. This interview is all about his duties, responsibilities and work strategies The Duties and Job Responsibilities: As a team leader, he has to manage his team. He also has to handle the client, when he gets a project he has to assign few good developers on that project. He has to look for the time management so that the project is completed in time. He has to rechecks the projects did by the developer then assigns it to the tester for the quality testing. He can never set freely because he also has to solve the mistakes did by his team member. He also has to ready for the upcoming problems. The types of knowledge, skills, and abilities: As a team leader, he must have a quite knowledge about the management. Moreover he is also a software developer so also has the knowledge of the programming such as C, Java, J2EE, ASP.net, etc. mainly he is java program. The main skill, which is necessary for him, is the Leadership skills, as a team leader it is essential to him. He can be solving those problems that he faced as a developer and a team leader. Physical tasks of Mr. Rarhi: Though Mr. Krish rarhi is a software developer he has to do so many physical tasks such as developing software, testing software that is did by another developer of his team, and quality testing of that software. Those are the physical task of Mr. Krish Rarhi. The frequency of this physical task is rapidly changed to the client demand and the size of the project that was given by the client. Job description of Mr. Krish rarhi: In the interview, Mr. Krish rarhi give me some description of his job. That in this post of job a software developer work on a project that is given by the client a time limit is given for to finish this job. Within the time limit, they have to finish the project. They do this project in some modules for every module they assign two or three people for this. As a team leader Mr. Krish Rarhi has also checked the work of the each module. Then he unit tests each module separately. After doing this, he combines all modules in a single unit. Then he sends it for the quality testing. As a team leader Mr, Rarhi also have to do some paperwork for it. At the beginning of the project, he has to send a documentation and Software requirement specification and a demo design of the project to the client. If the client agrees then, they start the main project. If any problem and fault occur in the project then as a team leader, Mr. Rarhi has to answer to the higher authority of the company. Mr. Rarhi also told me that his job is so risky it depends on the client based on the review of the client he has to do his job according with that. Moreover, the IBM is the leading company is software and It market, so for that Mr. Rarhi also have to look for to manage the goodwill of the Company for a leading position in the company. Three recruiting strategies for that job position: In first they take a written aptitude test There is a group interaction event to checking the leadership qualities They conduct a technical round to check the technical abilities then personal interview Compare and contrast with the recruiting strategies The strategy they using for to check is the person brains ability. The range of thinking of the person with some aptitude questions which is a bit tricky, this aptitude question helps the HR to understand the abilities of the person. Some general knowledge questions are in the test that helps the HR to understand that the general awareness of the person (Spinellis, 2015). As a developer, a person must have the general awareness so that they can understand the clients demands of the market and the logical question to check the brainpower that is essential for a programmer to do logical module (McCarthy, 2015). The second strategy they use that is the Group Discussion round by which they check the leadership skills of the person. The leadership skill is very much essential for the post of the team leader of a team because they have to manage the whole team with the leadership skills. The group discussion also checks the problem solving ability and the communication skills of the person as a team leader. The person has to deal with the client, for that the communication skill that is needed to communicate with the client. In addition, he has solved such problem, which he has faced in that time when he deal with the client (Talentrecruit.in, 2015). In the technical round, they check the technical ability. The abilities are programming, testing, this is the main job that the person has to do in the workplace for which the company was hiring him. So this recruiting strategies is very much essential to check that the person is appropriate or not. In addition, in the last round they check the personal intelligence of the person, also in this round the HR ask the person some logical and intelligent questions by which they check the intelligence of the person. Also some personal question also asked the person such as the hobby and the activity and the family background by which they check the character and the nature of the person. Conclusion: After a conversation with Mr. Krish Rarhi, I am very satisfied, every question I ask to him he answer it without any hesitation. He is a great person, he not only the team leader of the development team, but also he is the secretary of their local MGO. It is such wonderful time I spend with Mr. Rarhi. Reference List: McCarthy, C. (2015). Adopt these strategies to boost student persistence. Recruiting Retaining Adult Learners, 17(8), 5-5. doi:10.1002/nsr.30048 Spinellis, D. (2015). Recruiting a Star Team. IEEE Softw., 32(3), 3-5. doi:10.1109/ms.2015.68 Talentrecruit.in, (2015). TalentRecruit | Recruitment Software. Retrieved 6 September 2015, from https://talentrecruit.in/?gclid=CJLZ27jj4ccCFQeSjgod5lIC3g

Galapagos Islands free essay sample

Galapagos Islands College Class Name Date Galapagos Islands 2 The Galapagos Islands are located near Ecuador that was born from volcanoes erupting violently out of the sea. Plant and animal species traversed 1000km of ocean to colonize the islands, leaving species isolated and evolving independently on different islands. Observing this had a resounding impact on the formations of Darwins Theory of Natural Selection and the theory of evolution by natural selection. The Galapagos Islands are a chain of islands that straddle the equator. The islands were first discovered in 1535 and were put on the maps in 1570. The group of islands is made up of 13 main islands and six smaller islands (Galapagos Islands, 2006). In 1978 UNESCO recognized the islands as a World Heritage Site, and in 1985 a Biosphere Reserve. In 2007 the islands were put on the UNESCO World in Danger List. (Wikipedia, 2008). These islands are in threat by the non native plants and animals growing population of humans. We will write a custom essay sample on Galapagos Islands or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Galapagos Islands are well known for their various native breeds of animals. These different breeds of animals cannot be found anywhere else in the world. One of the animals that are not found anywhere else is the Marine Iguanas. These are the nly sea-going lizards in the world and they will often wear distinctive white wigs of salt which are expelled from glands near their noses. One of the theories as to why these creatures are of unique existence to the Galapagos Islands is that they were originally land lizards that came to the islands on driftwood and then evolved to continue living in the sea. Another theory is that the Marine Iguanas are the last remaining descendants of a species of sea lizards that are now extinct in the rest of the world. Many scuba divers that visit the Galapagos Islands observe the vast array of marine life that is found there. This island also is the home of many diverse endemic plants. The island has its own species of cotton, guava, pepper and passion flower (Galapagos Conservation Trust, 2007). Humans have intruded the Galapagos Islands and have become a huge threat for the future of the islands. With the increase of humans residing on this island come devastating results. Marine supplies are being acquired faster than they can be replaced and habitations are being corrupted at astonishing rates. The large number of boats in the water brings higher amounts of pollution to the area. There are also going to be the smaller challenges like littering that attects he balance ot the water. With the growing population come animals from the outside world that are not native to the islands such as cats, dogs, goats and rats. The affects of these non native animals comes devastation to the life on the islands. These animals eat the vegetation which makes the food limited for the native animals. This could cause for the animals that are native to the islands to become endangered. There has also been the affects of Mother Nature that has endangered the equilibrium of animal and plant life. There is a rare occurrence every two to seven years call El Nino. This allows warm ocean waters to pool in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean that enclose the Galapagos Islands. The warmer water acts like a lid that averts nutrient rich water from rising. Without it, the marine food chain is blocked off at the bottom, affecting the entire ecosystem (Wikipedia, 2010). There has been a never ending fght between the government and the population on how much they are permitted to fish the waters around the islands.

Immigration Policy of Turkey Essay Sample

Immigration Policy of Turkey Essay Sample Immigration Policy of Turkey Essay Example Immigration Policy of Turkey Essay Example The modern international population shift represents a many-sided phenomenon influencing all parts of social development, whether it is economy, policy, demographic processes, national relations, ideology or religion. Except the economic motives, the process of the international migration is also influenced by the political, ethnic, cultural, family and other factors. The immigrants play an important role in the economy of those countries that they move to (countries-recipients), and the ones they leave (donor countries). Due to the crisis and slow economic recovery, rise in the skepticism and hot debate in the society about the boarders and scales of the immigrants’ inflow to Europe, Turkey has entered a new stage of the immigration and refugees policy. The transition is carried out at the moment, when there is a critical situation on the southern borders of Europe, demanding the most active efforts and undiverted attention. â€Å"The Arab Spring†, military operations in Libya and the Syrian conflict turned millions of people into refugees (Elitok Straubhaar, 2012, p. 20; Elitok, 2013, p. 163). The regulation of the migratory processes in the 21st century gradually became a priority for the Turkish government as an economic and political agenda of modern Turkey. The increasing significance in Turkey is given to the external measurement of the immigration policy, because the Turkish government believes that the efficiency of the regulation of the immigration streams in many respects depends on the Turkish relations with the rest of the world countries (Kilberg, 2014). The state declared the establishment of a comprehensive immigration policy based on the general basic principles of admission of the other countries’ citizens and protection of the Turkish borders. The Country for Immigration After the crash of the Ottoman Empire, the compelled resettlements and compulsory migration were the main forms of the migration of the Turkish population. The modern Turkish state continues accepting and settling a great number of Turkish and Muslim communities, which have stayed in various parts of the Balkan region on the territory of Turkey. When the borders of the Ottoman Empire started being narrowed on the Balkans, a great number of people who identified themselves with the Ottoman Empire migrated to Turkey. The migration law of 1934 regulated the process of migration and settlement. According to this law, those individuals who proved the Turkish origin and culture were authorized to migrate and settle down in Turkey. Despite the fact that actually there is no accurate criterion that would define the Turkish ethnic and cultural origin, the Muslim communities speaking the Turkish language fall under the action of this law (Ià §duygu, Gà ¶ker, Tokuzlu, Elitok, 2013). Since the 1960s, the biggest number of immigrants came from Bulgaria. The state policy of Bulgaria in relation to the ethnic definition of Turks was an important factor which influenced the immigration of the Bulgarian Turks. The mass migration of the Bulgarian Turks during 1989 was unexpected for the Turkish authorities. Eventually, the negotiations with the Bulgarian government and the fall of the regime slowed down this migratory movement. The new political situation in Bulgaria influenced the decision of many Turks and made them return to their home countries. According to the official statistics, about 300 thousand Bulgarian Turks lodged in Turkey while more than 150 thousand returned to Bulgaria during this period. However, after that there was a new stream of the migratory movement: the increasing number of the Bulgarian Turks came to Turkey using tourist visas because of the economic difficulties endured by Bulgaria once again (Elitok, 2013, p. 168). The recent ethnopolitical conflicts and disorders in the region changed the nature and scale of political immigration. The Turkish legislation as well as the organizations and funds were not able to capture the requirements of mass and unexpected flows of migrants from Iran, Iraq, Yugoslavia and Kosovo that happened within several decades. Some of the refugees received the status of temporary immigrants and were placed into the camps for refugees. The others including Bulgarians, Bosnians and Albanians lodged together with the relatives that were the Turkish citizens by ethnic origin. In order to ensure the needs of the refugees in camps, the government took necessary measures for the use of the means and credits of the international organizations. Despite the fact that it succeeded to receive some additional funds, the participation of the international organizations and their financial aid was insufficient (Kilberg, 2014; Ià §duygu et al., 2013). Turkey and Circular Migration The new political climate in the region led to the emergence of not only new flows of refugees, but also other kinds of the territorial movement of the population. The opening of borders of the neighboring states marked a new era of the Turkish international migration. After the artificial restrictions of the international mobility of the population had disappeared or had been significantly narrowed, there were the new streams of the population migration. Along with the preservation of some traditional groups of immigrants â€Å"de facto†, the emergence of new migratory streams is undoubted. It is proved by the fact that tourists, students, businessmen and workers from different countries signified the emergence of new economic, political and cultural relationships in the region. On the other hand, the number of foreign students, the temporary residents with a work permit, businessmen and other groups of foreigners who legally stay in the country increased during the previous decade (Elitok, 2013, p. 170). Transit Migrants in Turkey There are also other forms of entry into Turkey which can be defined as â€Å"transit migration†. Transit migrants are people going to another country with the purpose of the subsequent moving to other states. In recent years, Turkey became the country of transit migration due to the geopolitical situation between the East and West as well as the North and South, and also as a result of the general activation of the migratory movement in the region. The refugees, asylum-seekers and illegal workers form the ill-matched group of migrants who perceive staying in Turkey as a temporary destination. They look for the best living conditions in the West and treat Turkey as a transit point. The political instability in the region and restrictive immigration policy of the western states strengthens this type of migration to Turkey (Elitok Straubhaar, 2012, p. 22). The transit migrants are represented by the young educated male citizens who experience social, political, economic and cultural dissatisfaction. The transit migrants live separately as illegal status makes them vulnerable to the negative events. Besides, when entry to Turkey became simpler, while moving to the West-European countries became more difficult, many transit migrants found themselves trapped in Turkey. Therefore, Turkey, as well as other countries of the buffer zone, takes some actions concerning transit migrants. Having created the restrictions concerning the attraction of foreign labor and strict requirements for obtaining visas, the western countries created an artificial curtain around them for the protection of the collective borders which can be overcome only in an illegal way. Thus, the provision of a buffer zone creates serious difficulties for all countries of the region. For this reason, in Turkey, there are all types of informal and illegal activity, including mediation for an illegal transportation of immigrants that usually leads to the exploitation of refugees and other transit migrants (Grange Flynn, 2014; Ià §duygu et al., 2013). Contemporary Immigration Policy in Turkey Turkey is the country that is favorable for immigrants. The latest â€Å"Law on Foreigners and International Protection† adopted in April 2013 regulates the permission for residence and work of foreigners living on the territory of the Turkish Republic. Moreover, the law determines an order of delivery and cancellation of the work permit, short-term residence permit, residence permit based on marriage, student’s visa, long-term residence permit, residence permit according to the humanitarian reasons and residence permit for human trafficking victims (Kilberg, 2014). According to the above-mentioned law, the foreigners planning to stay in Turkey up to 90 days should apply for a visa by contacting the consulate in advance. Thus, the term of stay in the country according to the visa or within a visa-free regime cannot exceed 90 days during the 180-day period. The foreign citizens planning to stay on the territory of Turkey for more than 90 days or longer than the period of the visa’s validity have to receive residence permit. The foreigners continuously living on the territory of Turkey based on residence permit for not less than 8 years have a right to apply for citizenship. The residence in Turkey accompanied with the use of illegal means of living, work without registration of the work permit, violation of the order of entrance and departure from Turkey are among the reasons for the deportation from the country (Republic of Turkey Ministry of Interior Directorate General of Migration Management, 2014). The people who have experienced domestic violence have a right to live in Turkey. Such foreigners possess the status of people under the international protection. The social payments are given to such individuals according to the immigration policy of the country. The foreigners compelled to leave the country and those who do not have an opportunity to come back or those who have crossed the border of Turkey in search of asylum belong to the category of refugees. The status of temporary protection was issued to almost 2 million of the Syrian refugees, who acquired a right to receive a work permit after the 6-month stay in Turkey. Thus, the discussed law demonstrates the desire of Turkey to create the migration policy, corresponding to the EU norms and standards (Grange Flynn, 2014). For the regulation of the flows of unauthorized migrants and refugees in Turkey, the government of the country applied different types of measures within the frameworks of its immigration policy. Firstly, the country applies the policy of â€Å"prevention of entrance† for those foreigners who try to enter the country without documents. The restriction and penalties have been imposed on the transport companies for the import of passengers without appropriate documents. Secondly, the country has developed a method of transition of migrants to the other countries. The shift of the responsibility for the consideration of petitions for asylum-seekers and provision of protection to such people is an essential part of this method. Thirdly, there are the so-called â€Å"restricting† measures for those who apply for the international protection as refugees, including the refusal in the provision of social aid and discrimination in employment (Elitok Straubhaar, 2012, p.115). Immigration Policy towards the Immigrants from Syria The interaction of Turkey and Syria has a complex nature. There are a lot of factors of the collision of interests of the two states, from the Kurdish issue and mutual territorial claims to the ideological and political contradictions. Turkey seeks to become the world power state, and this purpose defines the nature of the country’s actions, in particular, concerning the events of â€Å"the Arab Spring† and the conflict in Syria. Ankara takes measures based on the need to strengthen the influence abroad. The foreign policy of Turkey is based on the principles of the avoidance of problems with neighbors, which means the combination of two tactics – a dialogue and a rigid pressure. In this context, Turkey was and still is interested in the coming of the moderate Islamic modes of being loyal or friendly to power (Ià §duygu et al., 2013). The activation of the policy of Ankara towards Syria is connected with the need to strengthen the unity round moderate Islamic leaders who remember â€Å"The National Covenant† and struggle for the development of the Turkish democracy. This agreement was accepted in 1919 by the Congresses in Sivas and Erzurum, and then ratified by the last Ottoman Parliament in 1920. This document outlined the border of the future Turkish state and inclusion of the separate areas of modern Iraq, Syria, Cyprus, Bulgaria and other Balkan countries as well as Georgia and Armenia into the structure of Turkey. Accepted in time difficult for Turkey, â€Å"The National Covenant† had no validity period and the justification of intervention into the affairs of neighboring states, in particular, Iraq and Syria, so it is perceived by the Turkish nationalists as a guide for actions (Elitok, 2013). The national calamities during the Arab Spring in March 2011 affected Syria. The policy of their rigid suppression led to a civil war. During 2011, the number of the people migrating from Syria to Turkey was limited to 10 thousand people. By the end of 2012, it increased up to 140 thousand people. The strengthening of the military operations in Syria led to the fact that millions of Syrians started moving to Turkey. The country accepted everybody disregarding the ethnic or religious distinctions (Elitok Straubhaar, 2012). According to Kilberg (2014), the number of the registered Syrian citizens in Turkey makes 1 972 billion, including 259 thousand of the Syrians who live in the camps created in 10 districts of Turkey, namely Hatay, Gaziantep, Kilis, Mardin, Kakhramanmarash, Osmaniye, Adiyaman, Adana and Malatya. In Turkey, the Syrian refugees receive temporary identity cards, which allow them using medical services and obtaining education free of charge. The volume of the funds spent by Turkey for the previous four years for reception and placement of the Syrian refugees has reached $5.6 billion. However, the volume of the general international aid given to refugees composes only $400 million (Kilberg, 2014). Being open for the Syrian refugees, Turkey peruses its own interests. Firstly, the country will receive $3 billion of aid for the support of migrants on its territory. The assigned funds will be spent for the coordination mechanisms, which will provide an integral and justified approach to realizing the needs of refugees and host communities. Secondly, Turkey insists on the liberalization of the visa regime for the Turkish citizens in the Schengen zone of Europe. Thirdly, the state strives for the negotiations about the entrance into the European Union. However, the fulfillment of these requirements is rather problematic, if to take into consideration the critics on the absence of the independent legislative system in Turkey as well as democratic mass media, violations of human rights, relations with the Kurdish minorities and the expected opposition of Greece and Cyprus (Elitok Straubhaar, 2012, p. 229). Summing up the results of the discussion on the immigration policy in Turkey, it is possible to draw a conclusion that the contemporary immigration policy of Turkey is in the process of turning from the category of the state and international problem to a new one. It will become the lever of the state regulation of many processes of the economy, demography, cultural exchange, etc. The Turkish immigration policy is aimed at the creation of the new immigration mechanisms. The operated immigration and effective integration compose the major public regulating mechanisms that help deal with the calls arising from the internal demographic development and globalization. Therefore, the Turkish immigration policy should regulate the future inflow of the population and reconsider the current practice of the conferment of nationality. The economic and social integration of the foreign migrants and refugees will not happen automatically with the conferment of nationality. Thus, Turkey should take necessary measures to foresee the possible consequences of the immigration policy. It should be aimed at accepting the refugees with the minimal losses for the country. Only in this case, most of the Turkish citizens will be able to perceive migration and diversity resulting from it not as a threat, but as a result of social openness and possibility of enrichment.

Marketing to children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing to children - Essay Example For many years now, television advertising aimed at children has not been allowed in Swedish terrestrial television because of its perceived negative impact on children. Just recently, McDonald’s has been under attack for its seeming lack of responsibility in luring children into buying their â€Å"unhealthy† Happy Meals by offering it with toys. O’Brien states that McDonald’s has been accused of â€Å"deceptive marketing to children† (2011). Today, all over the world there are calls to totally ban all forms of advertising to children. There are many opposing views presented to support whether or not advertising to children should be eliminated. Advertisements that are unethical are those that do not involve getting the parents’ consent (Smith, 2010). Using cartoon characters in advertisements are intended specifically to target on children. These are the advertisements that can easily manipulate children. Smith identified four elements that can indicate that the advertisement is aimed at children are the music, images, voices and colors (2010). Most advertisements directed to children use special effects in presenting the products. These are the factors which usually captivate children and capture their attention. These special effects cloud the real idea and use of the products being advertised (Bjurstrom, 1994). What makes it even more unethical is if it is placed in publications read by children alone or advertised in children’s television shows or displayed where there are lots of children. Other advertisements directed to children that are unacceptable are those that make children think that they are infe rior if they do not possess a wide range of new products. (Clay, 2000). These advertisements do not promote the right values to children, instead distorts their values and encourage materialism at an early age. Impulsive buying may be a long-run effect of these unethical advertisements. And since most brands being advertised are those that cost more, children become more drawn to the expensive stuff rather than to the reasonably-priced items which most of the time do not advertise (Business Mantra, 2010). One major concern why some parents are fighting for the ban of advertising is its negative effects on the eating habits of children. Since most products being advertised on television are mostly food items which are low in nutritional values and with a high content of sugar, salt and cholesterol, it negatively influences the food preferences of children. In defense of McDonald’s advertising to children, its CEO Jim Skinner asserted that they have the right to advertise freel y and it is the parent’s responsibility to choose what their children eat; that is, the company serves â€Å"a balanced array of quality food products and provides the information to make individual choices† (O'Brien, 2011). This defense by McDonald’s is often the argument articulated by most companies to justify their advertising geared towards children. Their excuse is that it is the parents’ responsibility, not the advertisers or the companies who commissioned the advertisement. A problem posed in advertising to children is its tilting of the power balance principle of marketing (Smith, 2010). To be ethical, the advertisement must adhere to this principle which states that the scales should not favor either the consumer or the marketer. Directing the advertisement towards children who are very vulnerable means tilting the scale in the marketer’s favor, which is abusive and not fair. There are moral issues involved in advertising to children. Fir st, children are very naive and trusting that advertising can influence them unduly (Bjurstrom, 1994). According to Bjurstrom, children lack the experience and the capacity to decipher the messages that they receive in advertisements; thus, may view it as exerting pressure on them to buy (1994). Children are at a stage called proximal development where